Using Method of Continuous Variations to Determine Mole Ratio of Reactants free essay sample

The purpose of this lab was to find the molar ratio of NaClO and an unknown substance labeled solution â€Å"B†. Using the method of continuous variation the ratio of the two solutions were changed but kept equal to 50 mL. The reaction was an exothermic oxidation-reduction and the temperature change was measured to determine which ratio of NaClO to solution â€Å"B† was optimal. The ratio with the highest temperature change was 40mL of NaClO to 10 mL of solution â€Å"B†. Once simplified, this means the ratio is 4:1. Now that the mole ratio was determined it can be used in stoichiometry conversions. Introduction: In order to determine the mole ratio of the two reactants, NaClO and Solution B, the method of continuous variations was used. Method of continuous variations involves changing the ratios of the two reactants to find the optimal ratio at which the temperature is found to be the highest. The change of temperature was measured since the heat is directly proportional to the amount of reaction and all the reactions are exothermic. We will write a custom essay sample on Using Method of Continuous Variations to Determine Mole Ratio of Reactants or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Each measurement had a different mole ratio of reactants and the total volume of the solutions was kept constant for all of the trials. Stoichiometry is the mole ratio for the reactants in the balanced chemical equation and also forms the most product. The optimal ratio is the stoichiometric ratio and creates the most heat and has maximum temperature change since it consumes the greatest amount of reactants. All the reactions were oxidation-reduction reactions with sodium hypochlorite as the oxidizing agent. Once the maximum temperature of the final solutions with three measurements on each side of the greatest temperature difference was found, the data was plotted onto a graph and the intersection of the lines of best fit showed the stoichiometric mole ratio of the reactants. Procedures: Firstly, 175 mL of NaClO and the unknown solution â€Å"B† were measured, placed into separate beakers, and made sure they both had the same temperature. Then, in order to find a trend using the method of continuous variations, different ratios of NaClO and solution â€Å"B† that added up 50 mL were combined in a Styrofoam cup. The two substances were mixed with a thermometer to measure and calculate the change in temperature. The cup was then rinsed out and dried for another trial. The process of mixing different ratios of NaClO and the unknown solution was repeated until there were three data points on both sides of the highest temperature taken. Data Calculations Data Calculations (Continued): Change in Temperature From 5mL NaClO: 45mL Solution B Ratio Max. Temp. Solution Mixture28. 0 oC Initial Temp. 24. 1 oC Change in Temperature 3. 9 oC Analysis Conclusions: Using the method of continuous variations the mole ratio between NaClO and solution â€Å"B† was found to be 4:1. This conclusion was made because the highest recorded temperature, which was 48. 5  °C, came from trial 6, which was a ratio of 40 mL of NaClO to 10 mL of solution â€Å"B†. This means 4:1 is the optimum ratio. There were no problems or errors during the lab that were noticed or that affected the data. Further tests would include more trials to see if the ratio determined was correct. References:

Free Essays on Educational Opportunities

Attending a highly selective private school has truly provided me with an exceptional foundation. Looking back on my education thus far, with so many resources and opportunities, I wish that I would have taken more of an initiative in pursuing my education. The Bishop’s School has blessed me with educational opportunities, including knowledgeable teachers who motivate and teach students through lectures, and conversations outside of the classroom, incorporating their own real life experiences into their lessons. Guided by my teachers’ passions, I am now able to see and benefit from investing myself personally in my academics as it feeds the flame for further desire to learn. One of the most important factors in preparing myself for college has been teaching myself to become interested in learning. While this may come easier to some in my setting, reaching this goal has been one of the most challenging and rewarding parts of high school. Bishop’s has also taught me how to balance my life. In my early high school years I was primarily concerned with building rich friendships and schoolwork became secondary to that effort. I felt that talking to my friend about something important in their lives was more important than finishing a piece of homework. Looking back, I think that my attention to my social life proved to be both positive and negative: I realized that I was a compassionate friend who cared about other people, but by default, compromised my schoolwork. One thing was inescapable at my small, competitive school- pressure to be successful. It was after taking US Social History at the end of sophomore year and the cathartic feeling I experienced that I realized that school has the ability to interest me and hold that interest. That class was the first elective I took, and it was one of the first classes that I forced myself to strive to do well in, which then pushed me to take more classes that were similar. By junior year... Free Essays on Educational Opportunities Free Essays on Educational Opportunities Attending a highly selective private school has truly provided me with an exceptional foundation. Looking back on my education thus far, with so many resources and opportunities, I wish that I would have taken more of an initiative in pursuing my education. The Bishop’s School has blessed me with educational opportunities, including knowledgeable teachers who motivate and teach students through lectures, and conversations outside of the classroom, incorporating their own real life experiences into their lessons. Guided by my teachers’ passions, I am now able to see and benefit from investing myself personally in my academics as it feeds the flame for further desire to learn. One of the most important factors in preparing myself for college has been teaching myself to become interested in learning. While this may come easier to some in my setting, reaching this goal has been one of the most challenging and rewarding parts of high school. Bishop’s has also taught me how to balance my life. In my early high school years I was primarily concerned with building rich friendships and schoolwork became secondary to that effort. I felt that talking to my friend about something important in their lives was more important than finishing a piece of homework. Looking back, I think that my attention to my social life proved to be both positive and negative: I realized that I was a compassionate friend who cared about other people, but by default, compromised my schoolwork. One thing was inescapable at my small, competitive school- pressure to be successful. It was after taking US Social History at the end of sophomore year and the cathartic feeling I experienced that I realized that school has the ability to interest me and hold that interest. That class was the first elective I took, and it was one of the first classes that I forced myself to strive to do well in, which then pushed me to take more classes that were similar. By junior year...

Sulfur Facts - Periodic Table of the Elements

Sulfur Facts - Periodic Table of the Elements SulfurBasic Facts Atomic Number: 16 Symbol: S Atomic Weight: 32.066 Discovery: Known since prehistoric time. Electron Configuration: [Ne] 3s2 3p4 Word Origin: Sanskrit: sulvere, Latin: sulpur, sulphurium: words for sulfur or brimstone Isotopes: Sulfur has 21 known isotopes ranging from S-27 to S-46 and S-48. Four isotopes are stable: S-32, S-33, S-34 and S-36. S-32 is the most common isotope with an abundance of 95.02%. Properties: Sulfur has a melting point of 112.8Â °C (rhombic) or 119.0Â °C (monoclinic), boiling point of 444.674Â °C, specific gravity of 2.07 (rhombic) or 1.957 (monoclinic) at 20Â °C, with a valence of 2, 4, or 6. Sulfur is a pale yellow, brittle, odorless solid. It is insoluble in water, but soluble in carbon disulfide. Multiple allotropes of sulfur are known. Uses: Sulfur is a component of gunpowder. It is used in the vulcanization of rubber. Sulfur has applications as a fungicide, fumigant, and in the making of fertilizers. It is used to make sulfuric acid. Sulfur is used in the making of several types of paper and as a bleaching agent. Elemental sulfur is used as an electrical insulator. The organic compounds of sulfur have many uses. Sulfur is an element that is essential for life. However, sulfur compounds can be highly toxic. For example, small amounts of hydrogen sulfide can be metabolized, but higher concentrations can quickly cause death from respiratory paralysis. Hydrogen sulfide quickly deadens the sense of smell. Sulfur dioxide is an important atmospheric pollutant. Sources: Sulfur is found in meteorites and native in proximity to hot springs and volcanoes. It is found in many minerals, including galena, iron pyrite, sphalerite, stibnite, cinnabar, Epsom salts, gypsum, celestite, and barite. Sulfur also occurs in petroleum crude oil and natural gas. The Frasch process may be used to obtain sulfur commercially. In this process, heated water is forced into wells sunk into salt domes in order to melt the sulfur. The water is then brought to the surface. Element Classification: Non-Metal Sulfur Physical Data Density (g/cc): 2.070 Melting Point (K): 386 Boiling Point (K): 717.824 Appearance: tasteless, odorless, yellow, brittle solid Atomic Radius (pm): 127 Atomic Volume (cc/mol): 15.5 Covalent Radius (pm): 102 Ionic Radius: 30 (6e) 184 (-2e) Specific Heat (20Â °C J/g mol): 0.732 Fusion Heat (kJ/mol): 1.23 Evaporation Heat (kJ/mol): 10.5 Pauling Negativity Number: 2.58 First Ionizing Energy (kJ/mol): 999.0 Oxidation States: 6, 4, 2, -2 Lattice Structure: Orthorhombic Lattice Constant (Ã…): 10.470 CAS Registry Number: 7704-34-9 Sulfur Trivia: Pure sulfur has no smell. The strong smell associated with sulfur should actually be attributed to compounds of sulfur.Brimstone is an ancient name for sulfur that means burning stone.Molten sulfur is red.Sulfur burns with a blue flame in a flame test.Sulfur is the seventeenth most common element in the Earths crust.Sulfur is the eighth most common element in the human body.Sulfur is the sixth most common element in seawater.Gunpowder contains sulfur, carbon and saltpeter. Sulfur or Sulphur?: The f spelling of sulfur was originally introduced in the United States in the 1828 Webster dictionary. Other English texts kept the ph spelling. The IUPAC formally adopted the f spelling in 1990. References: Los Alamos National Laboratory (2001), Crescent Chemical Company (2001), Langes Handbook of Chemistry (1952), CRC Handbook of Chemistry Physics (18th Ed.) International Atomic Energy Agency ENSDF database (Oct 2010) Quiz: Ready to test your sulfur facts knowledge? Take the Sulfur Facts Quiz.Return to the Periodic Table

Assignment 5 Practice Problems Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

5 Practice Problems - Assignment Example Depending on the government it can be adverse or favourable. If the US dollar is strong against another currency, it leads to increased demand of imports as prices go down. This inturn weakens export as foreign goods appear to be expensive outside the country. Importers prefer strong local currency while exporters prefer weak local currency (Econedlink par 11) For an export business based in the US the ideal situation would be if the dollar weakens, this makes it attractive for foreigners to buy goods from US, but if it appreciates it, makes foreign goods seem expensive. To balance this fluctuation the company needs to cut the dollar price to match the prices in pounds (Econedlink par 11). 4. Suppose that you are a U.S. producer of a commodity good competing with foreign producers. Your inputs of production are priced in dollars and you sell your output in dollars. If the U.S. currency depreciates against the currencies of our trading partners, b. your competitive position is likely worsened. When the dollar appreciates, this makes foreign goods seem cheaper and this improves their position in the market, but when the dollar depreciates the price of foreign goods seem expensive and this may probably worsen the position of foreign business (Econedlink par 11). 5. Suppose your firm invests $100,000 in a project in Italy. At the time the exchange rate is $1.25 = â‚ ¬1.00. One year later the exchange rate is the same, but the Italian government has expropriated your firms assets paying only â‚ ¬80,000 in compensation. This is an example of It does not matter the exchange rate, what counts is the fact that the government has taken over a private own business. The government does this without the owner’s consent but there must be compensation (Meridian Finance par 1). Upenn.edu Chapter 1 Globalization And The Multinational Firm Suggested Answers To End- Of-Chapter Questions. 2014,

Critical analysis on the novel Of Mice and Men Essay

Critical analysis on the novel Of Mice and Men - Essay Example In the 18th and 19th centuries, the frontier of the United States of America was expanded westwards as European immigrants swarmed to the ports of the eastern seaboard. Many of these immigrants were members of persecuted minorities, such as Russian Jews escaping the 19th-century pogroms, or Irish Catholics fleeing the poverty and discrimination of British imperial rule. They were attracted by dreams of a better life, and regardless of whether or not they achieved this life in reality, Steinbeck’s characters still dream of a better life, even in the depths of the 1930s Great Depression. George and Lennie, as Stephen emphasises, dream of owning a small farm which they can work themselves – surely a dream shared by thousands of rootless young men during that era of mass unemployment and economic uncertainty. (Stephen 37). Their dream is introduced towards the beginning of the novel. It is recited by George to comfort Lennie, although it is clear that the recitation offers comfort to them both. George states that ‘we’re gonna have a little house and a couple of acres an’ a cow and some pigs...’, and Lennie that they’ll ‘live off the fatta the lan’’ (Steinbeck 16). Their dream of independence strengthens them both, and even attracts Candy and Crooks for a time. For Attell, this dream ‘responds directly to the limitations placed on their lives’. As nomadic labourers, they lack independence and security. They are dependent on odd jobs on the ranches they come across, which are highly seasonal and temporary. Living from hand to mouth in this way, and in rough accommodation shared with other workers, their dream involves a permanent residence, where they must work for no one but themselves to earn their keep. The itinerant and uncertain nature of George and Lennie’s lifestyle is thus emphasised from the beginning, and Attell justifiably sees their portrayal as Steinbeck’s critique of

Fake Thug Life :: English Literature Essays

Fake Thug Life There is a young man who inspired me to write this article. I thank him for doing a great service to the Muslim society. Turn where you will. Look to the East Coast or the West Coast and there are various Arab boys, Indian boys, and Pakistani guys who have adopted the look, lingo, and life of a "thug." I have seen it many times - this strange transformation from tapered jean-wearing, glasses-owning, nail biting ninny to chest-thumping, hard-acting, Nautica-wearing "thug." It begins at an early age with the use of slang, words like "werd!† ,"yo!", "jigga man!" It is followed by the gradual attraction towards mainstream rap. Ja Rule, Dr. Dre, Eminem, Jay Z. Bear in mind, this attraction to hip hop is not derived from any cultural relationship these boys feel towards "the ghetto!" Most of them have never even been to one. Regardless, they like to blare hip hop in their predominantly white high schools because it makes them stand out. Wearing ENYCE, or Sean John, on the other hand, in the predominantly white high school makes said Muslim boy stand out and makes him appear more hardcore than he would in his tapered jeans from Sears that his mother bought for him. Thus, we see that the use of slang, plus a certain social need, gives rise to a Muslim boy getting closer and closer to a certain imagined sense of "thug-life." Add to this the fact that most Muslim boys only play basketball while growing up, or "hoops" as they call it, because they are too skinny for football and too excitable for baseball. The game comes with its own infusion of hip-hop culture. Since a thug is either a "baller" or a "Playa" and since most Muslim parents would beat up their sons if they saw them with a girl, all Muslim boys end up being (self-proclaimed) "ballerz." We all know the relationship basketball has with hip-hop culture. A Muslim's transformation into a "thug" quickens. He starts using appropriately placed rap verses. Ice Cube's "check yo'self fo' you wreck yo'self" makes its way into religious discussions. Nelly's "it's getting hot in here" begins to be dropped into sermons referring to Hell. Their emails begin to be sprinkled with "kno wat im sayin" and "check it." His favorite love song, instead of being something by Sinatra, becomes Ginuwine's "My pony!" or Montel Jordan’s "Let's Ride!"

Educational Entry Level for Professional Nurses

Educational Entry Level for Professional Nursing Practice The first position paper calling for baccalaureate degree as the minimum requirement for entry into professional nursing was released in 1965 by the American Nurses Association. This stimulates an ongoing frustrating debate among nurses. The Occupational Outlook Handbook published by the US Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, nursing is the largest healthcare profession with 2. 5 million jobs and is projected to generate 587,000 more jobs between 2006-2016. Despite strength in numbers nurses are the least educated of all the interdisciplinary healthcare team members with whom they collaborate. Teams consist of physicians’ pharmacists, speech pathologists, and physical and occupational therapists. Patients are living longer than expected and health care providers need the ability to think critically and provide health care services at levels never before imagined. Each of these disciplines recognized the importance of higher education to deliver appropriate patient care. The health care industry is changing rapidly. Because of advances in medicine, technology and lifesaving techniques. Patients have a better chance of surviving traumatic injury, life threatening disease processes, and delicate surgical procedures that ever before. Results of various studies suggest baccalaureate prepared nurses are more likely to demonstrate professional behaviors important to patient safety. RN’s educated at baccalaureate level or above have lower risk adjusted mortality rates and lower rates of failure to rescue. The failure to rescue relates to deaths in patients with serious complications. Nursing is a knowledge based profession. Researchers have found perceived differences that are particularly related to education. These differences are perceived to be related to nurses with bachelor’s degrees: †¢Greater critical thinking skills †¢Less task oriented †¢More professionalism †¢Stronger leadership skills †¢More focused on continuity of care and outcome †¢More focus on psychosocial components, communication and patient teaching. It is important to me for nursing to represent a credible profession that roduces the best independent critical thinking healthcare professionals that provide safe, quality patient care. It is important for nursing leaders and managers when evaluating patient outcomes as they relate to educational levels of nurses. Current research by Linda Aiken found that patient outcomes are related to educational levels of RN’s. The results of Aiken’s research also found that a 10% increase in nurses with BSN degrees caring for the patients decreased the risk of patient death and failure to rescue by 5%. Everyone in the healthcare system would benefit from improved patient outcomes. Educational mobility to the BSN level is important to positive outcomes, creation of a reliable professional identity and unity among nurses. I believe the salaries of nurses are directly tied to our educational status. More agencies should utilize the human resources departments to develop tuition reimbursement programs and promote higher education of their employees. Educational institutions should develop committees to perform research and look deeper in the nursing educational curriculum and provide surveys to obtain public opinion of nurse educational levels. A common finding from the articles addressed the fact that resources need to be redirected to support baccalaureate entry and end licensure at the associated degree and diploma levels. The on or begins in community colleges and end in four year degree granting institutions. The research included the need for funding to support community college and university collaborations. The development of an action plan for Professional Development is very important. Managers and leaders should include this process in performance improvement sessions and during coaching and counseling. Personal improvement of staff provides the promotion to a better position to assist others. Members of staff should consider returning to school, certification or credentialing, and participation on committees for educational advancement. A plan should be created to develop goals, review goals and action plans frequently, set timelines and commit to completion. Nurses must move further along the educational continuum and prepare a strong well educated workforce. RN’s are important to patient safety at any level of education and play a vital role in lowering mortality rates, preventing medical errors, and ensuring quality outcomes. Nurses with various levels of educational preparation will continue to practice for many years to come, but a decision about the future education of nurses needs to be made now. References Mark, B. , Salyer, J. , Wan, T. (2003) Professional nursing practice: impact on organizational and patient outcomes. JONA 33(4 ), 224-234. Goodin, H. ( 2004) The shortage in the united states of America: an integrative review of the literature Journal of Advanced Nursing 43 (4), 335-350. Nelson, M. (2002) Nursing practice: looking backward into the future. Online Journal of Nursing. 7 (2) 43-66.